Student Loan Essentials

Seven out of ten college students take out student loans during their college years. Are you one of them? 

Student Loan Type Comparison Chart

Loan Type
Borrower
Annual Award
Key Feature
How to Apply
Direct Subsidized Loans
Undergraduate students
Up to $5,500
Fixed interest rates, no credit check required, flexible repayment plans, eligible for Direct Consolidation, Demonstrated financial need
Complete FAFSA form, accept loan offer from school, complete entrance counseling and sign Master Promissory Note
Direct Unsubsidized Loans
Undergraduate, graduate, and professional students
Up to $20,500
Fixed interest rates, no credit check required, flexible repayment plan, eligible for Direct Consolidation; No financial need requirement
Complete FAFSA form, accept loan offer from school, complete entrance counseling and sign Master Promissory Note
Direct PLUS Loan for Parents
Parents of dependent undergraduate students
Cost of attendance minus other financial aid
Fixed interest rates, flexible repayment plans, eligible for Direct Consolidation, Credit check required
Complete FAFSA form, apply for PLUS loan separately, sign Master Promissory Note
Direct PLUS Loan for Graduate Students
Graduate and professional students
Cost of attendance minus other financial aid
Fixed interest rates, flexible repayment plans, eligible for Direct Consolidation, Credit check required
Complete FAFSA form, apply for PLUS loan separately, sign Master Promissory Note
Direct Consolidation Loans
Anyone with eligible federal student loans
N/A
Combine multiple federal loans into a single loan, eligible for Direct Consolidation
Apply for consolidation through loan servicer
State Loans
Students
Varies by state
Varies by state, typically need-based
Check with your state’s education department or financial aid office
Private Loans
Students and parents
Varies by lender
Varies by lender, typically higher interest rates and less flexible repayment options, Credit check required, may require a cosigner
Apply directly through the lender
FFELP Subsidized Loans
Undergraduate students
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FFELP Unsubsidized Loans
Undergraduate, graduate, and professional students
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FFELP PLUS Loans
Parents of dependent undergraduate students and eligible graduate/professional students
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FFELP Consolidation Loans
Anyone with eligible federal student loans
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Federal Perkins Loans
Undergraduate, graduate, and professional students enrolled at least half-time
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Loan Type
Borrower
Annual Award
Key Feature
How to Apply
Direct Subsidized Loans
Undergraduate students
Up to $5,500
Fixed interest rates, no credit check required, flexible repayment plans, eligible for Direct Consolidation, Demonstrated financial need
Complete FAFSA form, accept loan offer from school, complete entrance counseling and sign Master Promissory Note
Loan Type
Borrower
Annual Award
Key Feature
How to Apply
Direct Unsubsidized Loans
Undergraduate, graduate, and professional students
Up to $20,500
Fixed interest rates, no credit check required, flexible repayment plan, eligible for Direct Consolidation; No financial need requirement
Complete FAFSA form, accept loan offer from school, complete entrance counseling and sign Master Promissory Note
Loan Type
Borrower
Annual Award
Key Feature
How to Apply
Direct PLUS Loan for Parents
Parents of dependent undergraduate students
Cost of attendance minus other financial aid
Fixed interest rates, flexible repayment plans, eligible for Direct Consolidation, Credit check required
Complete FAFSA form, apply for PLUS loan separately, sign Master Promissory Note
Loan Type
Borrower
Annual Award
Key Feature
How to Apply
Direct PLUS Loan for Graduate Students
Graduate and professional students
Cost of attendance minus other financial aid
Fixed interest rates, flexible repayment plans, eligible for Direct Consolidation, Credit check required
Complete FAFSA form, apply for PLUS loan separately, sign Master Promissory Note
Loan Type
Borrower
Annual Award
Key Feature
How to Apply
Direct Consolidation Loans
Anyone with eligible federal student loans
N/A
Combine multiple federal loans into a single loan, eligible for Direct Consolidation
Apply for consolidation through loan servicer
Loan Type
Borrower
Annual Award
Key Feature
How to Apply
State Loans
Students
Varies by state
Varies by state, typically need-based
Check with your state’s education department or financial aid office
Loan Type
Borrower
Annual Award
Key Feature
How to Apply
Private Loans
Students and parents
Varies by lender
Varies by lender, typically higher interest rates and less flexible repayment options, Credit check required, may require a cosigner
Apply directly through the lender
Loan Type
Borrower
Annual Award
Key Feature
How to Apply
FFELP Subsidized Loans
Undergraduate students
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Loan Type
Borrower
Annual Award
Key Feature
How to Apply
FFELP Unsubsidized Loans
Undergraduate, graduate, and professional students
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Loan Type
Borrower
Annual Award
Key Feature
How to Apply
FFELP PLUS Loans
Parents of dependent undergraduate students and eligible graduate/professional students
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Discontinued
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Loan Type
Borrower
Annual Award
Key Feature
How to Apply
FFELP Consolidation Loans
Anyone with eligible federal student loans
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Loan Type
Borrower
Annual Award
Key Feature
How to Apply
Federal Perkins Loans
Undergraduate, graduate, and professional students enrolled at least half-time
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As a federal student loan borrower, you are required to notify your school’s financial aid office and loan holder about certain events. 

You must notify your school’s financial aid office if: 

  • You reduce your enrollment to less than half-time status 
  • You withdraw from school 
  • You stop attending classes 
  • You don’t re-enroll for any term 
  • You have a change in your expected graduation date 
  • You change your name, local address, permanent address, or email address 

Shortly before your enrollment ends, you must participate in exit counseling with your school, during which you will update your loan records about your: 

  • Permanent address 
  • Email address 
  • Telephone number 
  • Future employer 

You must notify your loan holder if you don’t enroll: 

  • At least half time for the loan period certified, or 
  • At the school that certified your eligibility 

You must notify your loan holders promptly if any of the following events occur before loans held by your loan holders are repaid: 

  • You change your address, telephone number, or email address 
  • You change your name (for example, maiden name to married name) 
  • You withdraw from school or begin attending less than half time 
  • You transfer from one school to another 
  • You change your employer, or your employer’s address or telephone number changes 
  • You have any other change in status that would affect your loan (for example, the loss of eligibility for an unemployment deferment by obtaining a job) 

Student Loan Statuses

You will receive a grace period (generally six months) before you must make the first payment of your Federal Direct Loan. The grace period begins the day after you’re no longer enrolled at least half time at an eligible school. 

Your grace period doesn’t include any period up to three years during which you’re called or ordered to active duty for more than 30 days from a reserve component of the Armed Forces of the United States, including the period necessary for you to resume enrollment at the next available regular enrollment period. 

Unlike a Direct student loan, a PLUS loan does not have an automatic in-school deferment and grace period. However, a PLUS loan does offer some flexibility when it comes to beginning repayment. At the borrower’s option, the first payment of a PLUS loan is due: 

  • Within 60 days after the final loan disbursement is sent to the school; or 
  • For a graduate or professional student borrower, when he or she is no longer enrolled in school at least half time (i.e., graduates, withdraws, or reduces coursework); or 
  • For a parent borrower, six months after his or her dependent student is no longer enrolled at least half time.

If a borrower decides to have his or her payments temporarily postponed, the borrower must pay the interest on the loan or may allow it to be capitalized (added to the principal). 

A loan is considered delinquent if you make late payments. A payment is late if the loan holder or servicer has not received it by the day after the due date. 

Delinquent payments can cost you extra money and can affect your credit history for years to come: 

  • You can pay more due to late fees under the terms of your loan 
  • Your credit score can be lowered because of late payments – future consumer loans (home, car, etc.) can cost you more in higher interest rates 
  • You could lose your ability to borrow money in the future 

Default is falling behind on your scheduled payments over an extended period — usually 270 days or more. Default means that you have violated your loan agreement, and the lender or servicer can request immediate payment in full.

Under certain circumstances, if you default on your loan, federal and state laws require guarantors like Trellis Company to: 

  • Withhold a percentage of your wages until your account is paid in full 
  • Report your default to all national credit reporting agencies 
  • Add collection charges, attorney fees, and court costs to the balance of your loans 
  • Seize your federal tax refund and other state or federal payments 
  • Prevent you from receiving additional federal student aid and other federal benefits